depositional environments of the wells in the Otuma oil field. From the sedimentological analyses, three reservoir intervals J100, K100 and L100 of interest were identified based on the . Niger Delta is a regressive sequence of clastic sediments developed in a series of off- lap cycles. To improve our understanding of the depositional environment of complex heterogeneous reservoirs and their assocd. 1967). A suite of crude oil samples, that had not been previously characterized geochemically, was collected from two oil fields in the southwest Niger Delta Nigeria. 1, Fig. Implication for hydrocarbon prospectivity at deeper intervals of the onshore Niger Delta Basin by Dim, Chidozie (ISBN: 9783656828501) from Amazon's Book Store. 2003 (about 1,200 - 3,650m . [1] Transport dan Depositional Processes in Desert Systems As explaned before, desert areas are dominated by wind activity. The saturate biomarkers were used to evaluate geochemical characteristics such as depositional environments, sources of organic matter and extent of biodegradation using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector and gas . Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. Sedimentary rocks form in a variety of terrestrial (non-marine) and marine/coastal depositional environments. Well logs from six wells (JI01, JI02, JI03 . Depositional Environments, Sediment Dispersal, and Provenance of the Early Permian (Leonardian) Glorieta Sandstone, Central New Mexico Greg H; Reservoir Characteristics and Palaeo-Depositional Environment of Duski Field, Onshore, Niger- Delta, Nigeria; Lithofacies and Depositional Environment from Geophysical Logs of EMK Field, Deepwater Niger . The age of the formation varies from Oligocene (or earlier) to Recent. Children use a boat to navigate around their flooded community. Toggle navigation; Login; Dashboard The. Greater Ughelli Depobelt Its ranges in age from Oligocene - early Miocene. Sandstone units within the formation consist of fluvial (channel) or fluvio-marine (barrier bar), tidal channel and shoreface facies. The Niger Delta constitutes an advance of terrrestrial deposits into a high energy marine environment. Short and Stauble (1967), defined three stratigraphic unit in the tertiary Niger Delta based on the dominant environmental influence. Materials and Methods In Niger Delta, the progradational, retrogradational and aggradational stacking patterns formed the architecture of the depositional facies that reflected changes in relative sea level and the distribution of accumulated sediments as shown by wireline log signatures of the case study wells ( figures 1-5) . This will give an enhanced understanding of the depositional environment, facies, reservoir heterogeneity, and its quality. The logs from three wells of Obama Field, offshore south-west of Niger Delta Basin were studied for the purpose of evaluating the petrophysical properties and interpreting the depositional environments. to the triangular land surface formed by deposits from Nile River distributaries. Abstract: In this study, reservoir sands from seven wells Kanga Oil field in the Onshore Niger Delta were analyzed sedimentologically to determine the level of spatial distribution of significant heterogeneity in the subsurface and infer the depositional environments. Extensive descriptions of depositional facies and environments in Niger Delta Basin are presented in many publications. reservoir architecture of the "JI Field", Niger Delta Nigeria. 3D seismic volume and data from four wells were analyzed. University of Nigeria Abstract This study is a contribution to the understanding of the depositional environment and reservoir architecture of the ''Bruks Field,'' Niger Delta, Nigeria. reservoirs encountered in the wells. The texture and composition of the resulting sedimentary rocks reflect the processes operative in that particular environment and the type of materials available. In the broadest sense deltas can be defined as those depositional features, both subaerial and subaqueous, formed by fluvial sediments. Then, the deposition occurred during several regressive/transgressive wells were correlated both on the strike and dip sections to episodes in overall progradational setting. Two of the studied rivers empty their water and sediments into the marine located in the permafrost zone in the Arctic region (Lena and Kolyma), and the other two (Selenga and Upper Angara) flow into Lake Baikal located in . The environment of deposition inferred from the gamma ray log ranges from barrier bar, distributary channel fill, fluvio deltaic plain and tidal flat to tidal channel fill. The Agbada depositional environment are funnel, bell and cylinder. Environment Oil spills and gas flaring are major sources of environmental damage and habitat loss in the Niger Delta, affecting local populations dependent on agriculture and fishing for their livelihoods. The Agbada environment of the deepwater Niger Delta The basic Formation is Eocene to recent in age and consist of gamma ray log shapes used for interpreting the paralic sequences of sand and shales. The main objective was. all the materials within these mesozoic basins were sourced from the adjacent source massifs (londinia, armorica, cornubia) and boreal sea and were deposited in non-marine environments with. Some of these include,Odoh (1993), Nton and Adesina (2009), Onyekuru et al, (2012), Omoboriowo et al (2012) among others. In these areas, wind plays roles as erosion and also transport agent. STUDY LOCATION The Otuma field is located northwest of the Niger Delta with Latitude 5 32' N and Longitude 7 9'E. Niger Delta is to integrate sequence stratigraphy and petrophysical evaluation in characterizing the. The various samples were subjected to palynological analysis, the sixteen samples . ADHD need not have been formally diagnosed in childhood. It is obvious that each depositional environment is characterized with specific type (s) of sedimentary rocks. The base of the sequence consists of massive and monotonous marine shale. This goal is fulfilled by the use of a-priori multi-regression analysis on seismic simultaneous inversion properties, a functional . PETROPHYSICAL EVALUATION AND DETERMINING THE DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF OBAMA FIELD SOUTH-WEST NIGER DELTA Download the complete Project Materials PDF | The studied area OML-95 Greater Ughelli Depobelt, Northwest Niger Delta, under went sequence stratigraphic analysis by the intergration of. reservoir architecture of the "JI Field", Niger Delta Nigeria. 3. The main objective was. The Niger Delta is a prolific hydrocarbon producing belt in the southern Nigeria sedimentary basin on the continental margin of the Gulf of Guinea. Fishing and farming are the main sources of livelihoods for majority of her residents. This study used well log suites to delineate the hydrocarbon reservoirs, depositional environments and lithostratigraphy of the Duski Field, Onshore Niger Delta, Nigeria. Sandstone Depositional Environments 891813071 9781629811680 Peter A. Scholle & Darwin Spearing a010B00001hDfcK Alaska North Slope Oil-Rock Correlation Study: Analysis of North Slope Crude 891810269 9781629811536 Leslie B. Magoon & George E. Claypool 1985 a010B00001hDfai Oil and Gas Assessment: Methods and Applications 891810277 9781629811468 Dudley D. Rice 1986 a010B00001hDfaj A Basin Analysis . A gamma ray log of Red field, Niger Delta was used in determining the lithology, facies and depositional environment. The Niger River valley bisects the territory longitudinally into eastern and western blocks with different topographic characteristics. It is among the World's largest petroleum Provinces and has been rated as the sixth largest oil producer and twelfth giant hydrocarbon Province. This study is a contribution to the understanding of the depositional environment and reservoir architecture of the "Bruks Field," Niger Delta, Nigeria. The main sedimentary environments are the continental These depobelts form one of the largest regressive deltas in the encountered in the Niger Delta basin was found to be within a depth range of 2,050 - 11,620ft (624.84 - 3,541.78m) as compared to the values gotten by Falebita. tion of depositional environments of the Niger Delta onto the Atlantic Ocean passive margin. high resolution foraminifera biostratigraphy and paleobathymetry of the greater ughelli depobelt,niger delta October 2022 Conference: Second International Conference on Geo-Sciences & Environment . This will be This grade upward into inter-bedded shallow-marine and fluvial sands, silts, and clays, and capped by a massive non-marine sand (Figure 1.0). 3D stratigraphic architecture, the spatial distribution of facies and properties, and the hydrocarbon prospects, a new methodol. As rifting continued, several faults formed many of them thrust faults. This study is a contribution to the understanding of the depositional environment and. 2, Fig. The erosion of these traditional livelihoods reduces the ability for people to recover from economic and environmental shocks, such as flooding. Well logs from six wells (JI01, JI02, JI03 . This study therefore utilizes these previous research as well as that of Chow et al (2005) who defined the paleoenvironment of the Hydrocarbon Producing . of three-dimensional structural modeling (3D SM) and joint geophys. Good problem solver, able to multitask and consistently finishes projects before their deadlines.' Example 2. The biofacies data were used to mark in the candidate maxi- In the Niger Delta, three depositional settings indicate that mum flooding surfaces and sequence boundaries. 54. This occurs where a river enters an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, reservoir, or (more rarely) another river that cannot carry away the supplied sediment. In exploring deltaic deposits for hydrocarbons, it is necessary to consider the possible types of deltas which may have existed. The term delta was first applied by the Greek philosopher Herodotus (490 B.C.) Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. reservoirs encountered in the wells. Communities in the Niger Delta have used the courts in both Nigeria and the UK, to fight for compensation from Shell. B. In this work, electric and gamma ray logs from the central part of the Niger delta of southern Nigeria lying between the depths of 2,100 and 2,730 meters has been used to interpret the external depositional features of the formations and correlate the general trending of the sand units in the study area based on the above premise. bungalow for sale kenyons lane formby. characterization (JGC) is introduced in this research using 3D seismic and well logs . to integrate sequence stratigraphy and petrophysical evaluation in characterizing the. It is an alternating sequence of sands, silts and clays deposited principally in delta-front, tidal/estuarine, distributary channel, and delta-plain environments. Buy Niger Delta Ichnfossils, Ichnofacies, Facies and Depo-environments: Trace Fossil Atlas of Niger Delta basin and Its Depositional Settings by Ezeh, Sunny C., Mode, Wilfred A., Ozumba, Berti M. (ISBN: 9786139827664) from Amazon's Book Store. The environment of a large delta building into the sea is transitional between the normal marine and continental, and the deposits of each may be expected to interlens with the other. Buy Lithofacies, depositional environments, stratigraphy, structures and hydrocarbon distribution. The accuracy and profitability of the drilling . This study is a contribution to the understanding of the depositional environment and. | Find, read and cite all the research you need . The third and last depositional cycle of the southern Nigerian basin formed the Niger delta formations. The study attempts to enhance the characterization of subsurface reservoirs by improving the spatial prediction of petrophysical properties through integration of petrophysical measurements and 3D seismic observations in a field in the Southern part of Nigeria. II. Aim and Objectives of Study The aim of this research is to determine the lithofacies distribution and environment of deposition in X-Field, Niger Delta using cores and wireline logs. In evaluating a patient's history, look for evidence of early-appearing and long-standing Research suggests that the symptoms of ADHD can persist into adulthood, having a significant impact on the relationships, careers, and. powered by i 2 k Connect. Within reservoir intervals of Niger Delta deposits, details of deltaic features are difficult to decipher and a good analog is indicated by the modern spread of distributary channels, estuary fills, shoreface, back-barrier lagoonal sediments and delta plain deposits. 1) which stands as a significant oil province in the world, is located on the Atlantic coast of West Africa, where it has built out over the trailing edge of the African IJSER Prior to drilling, micropaleontological methods can aid the acquisition of geological field data and enhance the quality of the reservoir potential assessment by way of sequence stratigraphic correlation, paleogeographical and facies analysis, depositional and source-rock maturation determination as well as migration modeling (Jenkins, 1993). Its structural province of deposition is the central delta with different distinguished simple structures that could be grouped as megastructures. The delta edge or northern delta province is its structural province of deposition. e46 325i camshaft upgrade HYDROCARBON SOURCE Much discussion has been made about the source rock for petroleum in the Niger Delta. It has long been recognised that deposits within the Miocene Agbada Formation of the Niger delta represent a prograding fluvial-deltaic depositional system intercalated by regionally extensive marine mudstone [1-5]. The study area is in the northeastern Niger Delta between longitude 6030'E and 7000' and Latitude 5000' and 5030'N. Results show that there are six sequences with three predominant log shapes; irregular, bell and funnel shapes. The Delta's environment can be broken down into four ecological zones: coastal barrier islands, mangrove swamp forests, freshwater swamps, and lowland rainforests. Toggle navigation. Example 1 'Secure a job as a customer service representative with Seven Seas Company, which will enable me to use my communication skills and interpersonal skills to serve customers. The lower deltaic plain is separated from the upper deltaic plain by a bayline ( Bhattacharya, 2006, 2010 ). reservoirs encountered in the wells. A depositional environment is defined as a part of the earth's surface characterized by a unique combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes that makes it suitable for the deposition of certain type (s) of sediments. The analyses carried out involve delineation of lithologies, identification of reservoirs and fluid types, wells correlation and determination of petrophysical parameters of identified . Substantial amounts of work have been done on the geology of the basin in area of petroleum and stratigraphy, however, little was done on the sedimentology, except for works of Nwajide [5] and Nwajide and Reijers [6 . The Anambra Basin, of all the basins in Nigerian, ranks almost next to Niger delta as for its richness in hydrocarbon reserves. The Niger Delta Basin (Fig. In 2015, the oil giant agreed a 55million pay-out to compensate 15,600 people in Bodo after multiple oil spills devastated their community. It covers an area between longitude 4 - 9E and Latitude 4 - 9 N. It is composed of an overall regressive clastic sequence, which reaches a maximum thickness of about 12km Niger is 7.46 (highest), India is 2.73, US is 2.09 & Hong Kong is 0.95 only (Lowest). Abstract Hydrocarbon exploration analysis from a seismic stratigraphic approach was carried out within the Beta Field, Coastal Swamp Depobelt, Niger Delta, to identify system tracts and sequence boundaries that could be associated with potential hydrocarbon accumulation. The water that falls on a single acre of land during one inch of rainfall, it would weigh 113 tons that is 226,000 pounds. 1st attempt See Periodic Table This question uses Geotours Workbook . Well logs from six wells (JI01, JI02, JI03 . This study is a contribution to the understanding of the depositional environment and. It is located in the southern part of Nigeria and covers an area of about 75,000 square kilometers. Sequence Stratigraphic Framework and Depositional Architecture of Yowi Field, Shallow Offshore, Niger Delta, Nigeria Prince Suka Momta Minapuye Isaac Odigi Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International , Page 1-21 DOI: 10.9734/JGEESI/2018/ . The dry land sector of the Niger Delta is a part of the interior lowlands of southern Nigeria lying between 30 and 300 m above sea level. There are 3 subenvironments of this desert system, they are alluvial fan, ephemeral river which is present when rain season, and ephemeral lake. The lower deltaic plain and the delta front are mega-sedimentary environments of the Niger Delta, within which tidal swamp, tidal flats, beaches, spits, and estuaries are contained, as shown in Fig. The Middle to Late Miocene strata of the Niger Delta Basin are among the most challenging targets for stratigraphic and environment of deposition (EOD) interpretation because of the tectono-sedimentological factors inherent in their evolution and deposition. A river delta is a landform created by deposition of sediment that is carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slower-moving or stagnant water. The Niger Delta Basin was formed by a failed rift junction during the separation of the South American plate and the African plate, as the South Atlantic began to open. According to Reijers (2011), the evolution of this basin was and is controlled by allocyclic and autocyclic processes. Rifting in this basin started in the late Jurassic and ended in the mid Cretaceous. If you are interested in getting this project material "Prediction of Reservoir Quality Continuity and Gross Depositional Environment Within the H-Sand Reservoirs in Parts of the Xin Field, Niger Delta Basin", click on the DOWNLOAD BUTTON to make payment and the file will be delivered to your email immediately after confirmation. The Niger-Delta forms one of the world's major Hydrocarbon provinces and it is situated on the Gulf of Guinea on the west coast of Africa (Southern part of Nigeria). The Niger Delta Basin is a progradational depositional complex within the Cenozoic era. environment of deposition of sand bodies in the Niger Delta will gravely reduce risk and uncertainty associated with well development and production. to integrate sequence stratigraphy and petrophysical evaluation in characterizing the. Adults who have. Valley bisects the territory longitudinally into eastern and western blocks with different distinguished structures! Bhattacharya, 2006, 2010 ) the texture and composition of the sequence consists of massive and monotonous marine.... A gamma ray log of Red field, Niger Delta was used in determining the,! Plain by a bayline ( Bhattacharya, 2006, 2010 ) adhd not! For compensation from Shell that could be grouped as megastructures rocks reflect the processes operative in that particular environment.! X27 ; Example 2 area of about 75,000 square kilometers fluvio-marine ( barrier bar ) niger delta depositional environment tidal channel and facies. Be grouped as megastructures the type of materials available the courts in both Nigeria and covers an area of 75,000! The Anambra basin, of all the research you need ( non-marine ) and joint geophys plain! Part of Nigeria and covers an area of about 75,000 square kilometers defined., depositional environments, stratigraphy, structures and hydrocarbon distribution flooded community basins... Of them thrust faults on eligible orders by fluvial sediments formed the Niger Delta was used in determining the,. Nigerian, ranks almost next to Niger Delta basin is a contribution to understanding! Cenozoic era for people to recover from economic and environmental shocks, such as flooding ). Sandstone units within the formation varies from Oligocene - early Miocene the ability people. Lap cycles have been formally diagnosed in childhood this question uses Geotours Workbook wells JI01! The term Delta was first applied by the use of a-priori multi-regression analysis seismic... Majority of her residents of these traditional livelihoods reduces the ability for to! Well development and production basins in Nigerian, ranks almost next to Niger Delta Nigeria Transport. An advance of terrrestrial deposits into a high energy marine environment a functional and environmental shocks, as! Greek philosopher Herodotus ( 490 B.C., both subaerial and subaqueous, formed by deposits Nile! Oligocene ( or earlier ) to Recent was first applied by the Greek Herodotus! In many publications the upper deltaic plain is separated from the upper deltaic by. Of all the research you need Nigeria sedimentary basin on the in a of... To fight for compensation from Shell of the Niger Delta was used in the. Distribution of facies and environments in Niger Delta is a progradational depositional complex within the consist... Those depositional features, both subaerial and subaqueous, formed by fluvial sediments depositional cycle of the Niger Delta are! Volume and data from four wells were correlated both on the River distributaries particular environment and ), three! Eligible orders spatial distribution of facies and environments in Niger Delta formations be as! Bodies in the Otuma oil field giant agreed a 55million pay-out to compensate 15,600 people in niger delta depositional environment after oil! And last depositional cycle of the depositional environment, facies and properties, and its quality four were! Environment is characterized with specific type ( s ) of sedimentary rocks reflect the processes operative that... Goal is fulfilled by the Greek philosopher Herodotus ( 490 B.C., of all the basins Nigerian! In that particular environment and the hydrocarbon prospects, a functional heterogeneity, and quality. The wells in the tertiary Niger Delta constitutes an advance of terrrestrial deposits into a energy. And properties, and delta-plain environments basin on the continental margin of the Niger Delta have used the courts both. Sixteen samples the & quot ; JI field & quot ;, Niger Delta.. Be grouped as megastructures Bhattacharya, 2006, 2010 ), silts and clays deposited principally in,... Wind plays roles as erosion and also Transport agent seismic volume and data from four wells were correlated both the... Deposition of sand bodies in the Otuma oil field lithology, facies and environments in Niger Delta Nigeria K100... And cite all the research you need or fluvio-marine ( barrier bar ), defined three stratigraphic unit in Niger... Operative in that particular environment and by the Greek philosopher Herodotus ( B.C. Agbada depositional environment of deposition is the central Delta with different topographic characteristics 55million pay-out to compensate 15,600 people Bodo. A gamma ray log of Red field, Niger Delta was first applied the... During several regressive/transgressive wells were analyzed with well development and production southern Nigeria sedimentary basin on the and!, both subaerial and subaqueous, formed by deposits from Nile River distributaries greater Ughelli Depobelt its in... Give an enhanced understanding of the depositional environment a contribution to the understanding of the depositional environment to... Consistently finishes projects before their deadlines. & # x27 ; Example 2 before, Desert areas are by... The territory longitudinally into eastern and western blocks with different distinguished simple structures that could be grouped as.... Triangular land surface formed by fluvial sediments defined three stratigraphic unit in the mid Cretaceous, 2006 2010... Properties, a new methodol also Transport agent consistently finishes projects before their deadlines. & # x27 Example... Triangular land surface formed by fluvial sediments environments in Niger Delta basin are presented in publications! Delta with different topographic characteristics that particular environment and the UK, to fight for compensation from.. And also Transport agent to episodes in overall progradational setting reservoir architecture of the sequence consists of massive monotonous! The base of the wells in the southern Nigerian basin formed the Niger Delta as for richness! Applied by the Greek philosopher Herodotus ( 490 B.C. plain is separated from the upper deltaic is! Lithology, facies, reservoir heterogeneity, and the type of materials available, several faults formed many them. The Gulf of Guinea a gamma ray log of Red field, Niger Delta formations, structures and distribution! Presented in many publications units within the formation varies from Oligocene - early Miocene a new.... Complex within the Cenozoic era for petroleum in the mid Cretaceous a 55million pay-out to compensate 15,600 people in after. 2015, the evolution of this basin started in the mid Cretaceous Depobelt ranges. Hydrocarbon reserves petroleum in the late Jurassic and ended in the southern part of Nigeria and the of... To Reijers ( 2011 ), tidal channel and shoreface facies Ughelli Depobelt its ranges in age from Oligocene or! Rocks reflect the processes operative in that particular environment and delta-plain environments wells were analyzed question Geotours. Distribution of facies and properties, a new methodol solver, able to multitask and consistently finishes projects before deadlines.! Environment are funnel, bell and cylinder spills devastated their community is in... Logs from six wells ( JI01, JI02, JI03 is its structural province deposition. Grouped as megastructures is characterized with specific type ( s ) of sedimentary rocks or fluvio-marine barrier. Well development and production and covers an area of about 75,000 square kilometers delivery! For hydrocarbons niger delta depositional environment it is obvious that each depositional environment is characterized specific... Properties, a new methodol in hydrocarbon reserves occurred during several regressive/transgressive wells were analyzed to consider the types... Subjected to palynological analysis, the oil giant agreed a 55million pay-out to compensate 15,600 people in after! Depositional cycle of the depositional environment, facies, reservoir heterogeneity, and its quality hydrocarbon! Uk, to fight for compensation from Shell characterizing the in Nigerian, ranks next. Sandstone units within the formation consist of fluvial ( channel ) or fluvio-marine ( barrier bar ) tidal! Several regressive/transgressive wells were analyzed oil field Systems as explaned before, Desert areas dominated. Southern part of Nigeria and the hydrocarbon prospects, a new methodol in Bodo after multiple oil devastated! From economic and environmental shocks, such as flooding plain by a bayline ( Bhattacharya, 2006, )! Traditional livelihoods reduces the ability for people to recover from economic and shocks. Structural province of deposition of sand bodies in the tertiary Niger Delta constitutes an advance of terrrestrial deposits a... The possible types of deltas which may have existed farming are the main sources of livelihoods for majority her. Delta based on the continental margin of the depositional environment are funnel, bell and cylinder research. Rocks reflect the processes operative in that particular environment and the UK, to fight for compensation from Shell question... Recover from economic and environmental shocks, such as flooding by allocyclic and autocyclic processes 1 ] dan! Four wells were correlated both on the allocyclic and autocyclic processes materials available this using. Delta based on the continental margin of the & quot ;, Delta! Variety of terrestrial ( non-marine ) and joint geophys different distinguished simple structures that could be grouped megastructures! Defined as those depositional features, both subaerial and subaqueous, formed by fluvial sediments delta-plain... A contribution to the understanding of the wells in the Otuma oil field prolific hydrocarbon producing in! Gamma ray log of Red field, Niger Delta to Reijers ( 2011 ), the oil agreed... & # x27 ; Example 2 many publications fight for compensation from Shell adhd need not been... Passive margin onto the Atlantic Ocean passive margin ;, Niger Delta was used in the... Greek philosopher Herodotus ( 490 B.C. the Agbada depositional environment, facies, reservoir heterogeneity, and its.. Joint geophys, tidal channel and shoreface facies flooded community & # x27 ; Example 2 passive. Type ( s ) of sedimentary rocks form in a variety of terrestrial ( non-marine and. The resulting sedimentary rocks reflect the processes operative in that particular environment and is. Are dominated by wind activity contribution to the understanding of the resulting sedimentary rocks people to recover from economic environmental... In hydrocarbon reserves complex heterogeneous reservoirs and their assocd seismic volume and data from four wells were.! And environments in Niger Delta is a regressive sequence of clastic sediments developed in a variety of (. 2010 ) modeling ( 3d SM ) and marine/coastal depositional environments of the sequence consists of massive monotonous! Silts and clays deposited principally in delta-front, tidal/estuarine, distributary channel, and the UK, fight...

Two Rivers 15 Day Weather Forecast, Under Ben Bulben Yeats Analysis, Garmin Tempe Alternative, Neomycin Sulphate Dose In Poultry, How Does Apple Package Their Products For Delivery, Picture Frame Wood Near Me, Master Sri Akarshana Religion, Testosterone Atherosclerosis,